Category: 1. Basics

Normally, when we work with Numbers, we use primitive data types such as int, short, long, float and double, etc. The number data types, their possible values and number ranges have been explained while discussing C++ Data Types.

Defining Numbers in C++

You have already defined numbers in various examples given in previous chapters. Here is another consolidated example to define various types of numbers in C++ −

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main () {
   // number definition:
   short  s;
   int    i;
   long   l;
   float  f;
   double d;
   
   // number assignments;
   s = 10;      
   i = 1000;    
   l = 1000000; 
   f = 230.47;  
   d = 30949.374;
   
   // number printing;
   cout << "short  s :" << s << endl;
   cout << "int    i :" << i << endl;
   cout << "long   l :" << l << endl;
   cout << "float  f :" << f << endl;
   cout << "double d :" << d << endl;
 
   return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

short  s :10
int    i :1000
long   l :1000000
float  f :230.47
double d :30949.4

Math Operations in C++

In addition to the various functions you can create, C++ also includes some useful functions you can use. These functions are available in standard C and C++ libraries and called built-in functions. These are functions that can be included in your program and then use.

C++ has a rich set of mathematical operations, which can be performed on various numbers. Following table lists down some useful built-in mathematical functions available in C++.

To utilize these functions you need to include the math header file <cmath>.

Following is a simple example to show few of the mathematical operations −

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;
 
int main () {
   // number definition:
   short  s = 10;
   int    i = -1000;
   long   l = 100000;
   float  f = 230.47;
   double d = 200.374;

   // mathematical operations;
   cout << "sin(d) :" << sin(d) << endl;
   cout << "abs(i)  :" << abs(i) << endl;
   cout << "floor(d) :" << floor(d) << endl;
   cout << "sqrt(f) :" << sqrt(f) << endl;
   cout << "pow( d, 2) :" << pow(d, 2) << endl;
 
   return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

sign(d)     :-0.634939
abs(i)      :1000
floor(d)    :200
sqrt(f)     :15.1812
pow( d, 2 ) :40149.7

Random Numbers in C++

There are many cases where you will wish to generate a random number. There are actually two functions you will need to know about random number generation. The first is rand(), this function will only return a pseudo random number. The way to fix this is to first call the srand() function.

Following is a simple example to generate few random numbers. This example makes use of time() function to get the number of seconds on your system time, to randomly seed the rand() function −

#include <iostream>
#include <ctime>
#include <cstdlib>

using namespace std;
 
int main () {
   int i,j;
 
   // set the seed
   srand( (unsigned)time( NULL ) );

   /* generate 10  random numbers. */
   for( i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) {
  // generate actual random number
  j = rand();
  cout &lt;&lt;" Random Number : " &lt;&lt; j &lt;&lt; endl;
   }

   return 0;
}

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result −

Random Number : 1748144778
Random Number : 630873888
Random Number : 2134540646
Random Number : 219404170
Random Number : 902129458
Random Number : 920445370
Random Number : 1319072661
Random Number : 257938873
Random Number : 1256201101
Random Number : 580322989

Foreach loop is also known as range-based for loop, it’s a way to iterate over elements through a container (like array, vector, list) in a simple and readable manner without performing any extra performance like initialization, increment/decrement, and loop termination or exit condition.

Syntax

The following is the syntax of for each loop −

for( data_type  element_variable__name : container_name ){// code to be executed}

Here,

• element_variable_name is the variable name given to the elements stored in a container.
• container_name is the variable name of a container of any type such as an array, vector, list. etc.

How Foreach Loop Works?

• The foreach loop iterates over all elements of the given container. The process starts with the first element, which is assigned to the variable as element_variable_name as shown in the code.
• The loop then executes the body of the for each loop, allowing you to manipulate or use the elements.
• After processing the current element, the loop moves to the next element in the container.
• This process repeats until it reaches the last element of the container.

Example of Foreach Loop

In this example, the range-based for loop with a reference (int& num) allows you to directly modify each element of the vector.

Open Compiler

#include <iostream>#include <vector>usingnamespace std;intmain(){
   vector<int> digits ={10,20,30,40,50};// Range-based for loop to modify each elementfor(int& num : digits){
  num *=2;// Double each number}for(int num : digits){
  cout &lt;&lt; num &lt;&lt;" ";}
   cout << endl;return0;}

Output

20 40 60 80 100

Foreach Loop with Vector

The foreach loop can be used to iterate the over the vector elements.

Example

In this example, we are iterating and printing vector’s element by using foreach loop

Open Compiler

#include <iostream>#include <vector>usingnamespace std;intmain(){
   vector<int> numbers ={1,2,3,4};for(int num : numbers){
  cout &lt;&lt; num &lt;&lt;" ";}return0;}</code></pre>


Output



1 2 3 4 




Foreach Loop with List



Similarly, the foreach loop can also be used to iterate over the list elements.



Example



Here, in this example we iterating and printing elements of list by using foreach loop



Open Compiler



#include <iostream>#include <list>intmain(){usingnamespace std;

   list<int> numbers ={10,20,30,40,50};for(int num : numbers){
  cout &lt;&lt; num &lt;&lt;" ";}
   cout << endl;return0;}



Output



10 20 30 40 50 




For Loop Vs. Foreach Loop



The for loop executes the set of statements based on the given condition while the foreach loop (or, range-based for loop) iterates over the collection elements. Consider the following example to understand the difference between for and foreach in C++ −



Standard Method: for loop



The following is an example of for loop, where we are printing the elements of an integer array −



Open Compiler



#include<iostream>usingnamespace std;intmain(){// an Arrayint arr[]={1,2,3,4};// Printing array elements using// for loopfor(int i =0; i <=3; i++){
  cout &lt;&lt; i&lt;&lt;" ";}return0;}</code></pre>


Output



0 1 2 3




Foreach Loop Method



The following is an example of foreach loop, where we are iterating and printing the elements of an integer array −



Open Compiler



#include<iostream>usingnamespace std;intmain(){int arr[]={1,2,3,4};// Where x is variable name provided to // elements inside containerfor(int x: arr){    
  cout&lt;&lt; x&lt;&lt;" ";}return0;}</code></pre>


Output



1 2 3 4




Foreach Loop with Non-container Type



Generally, foreach loop is used for iteration for container types like Array, vector, List, Deque, Set and Map etc. but it’s also used for Non-container type, which is iterable, meaning it must have begin() and end() that return iterators.



Traditional containers like vectors and all the rest mentioned above inherently meet these requirements so we don’t need to specifically specify begin() and end() to it.



Example



The following example demonstrates the working of foreach loop with a non-container type element −



Open Compiler



#include <iostream>#include <vector>usingnamespace std;classIterable{public:// Constructor with initialization listIterable(const vector<int>& v):values(v){}// Provide begin() and end() methodsautobegin()const-> vector<int>::const_iterator {return values.begin();}autoend()const-> vector<int>::const_iterator {return values.end();}private:
  vector&lt;int&gt; values;};intmain(){
   Iterable myIterable({1,2,3,4,5});for(int num : myIterable){
  cout &lt;&lt; num &lt;&lt;" ";}
   cout << endl;return0;}



Output



1 2 3 4 5 




Here,




In the above code, the begin() method returns an iterator that points to the first element of the container whereas an end() method returns an iterator that points one position beyond the last element of the container.



Then loop iterate from iterator using for() over each element/value of vector printing each value to console.




Advantages of Foreach Loop



The following are the advantages of using Foreach loop in C++;




Simplicity − It reduces boiler plate code.



Readability − It has a simple way of writing code in an easy and readable manner compared to old standard traditional loop methods like for, while and do-while loop.



Safety − It reduces errors related to index management and edge cases.




Limitation of Foreach Loop



The following are some of the limitations of foreach loop −




Restricted to forward traversal − It does not give access to iterate in reverse order.



Non-interruptible traversal − There is no option to skip any element or break iteration in between before reaching the last index or last element.



No direct access of element while Iteration − There is no direct access to index or position of current element while iterating through foreach loop.




Applications of Foreach Loop




Read-only Iteration − The foreach loop is a good choice for read-only iteration, when the user wants to iterate through elements without any modifications, because the foreach loop provides cleaner and simple code.



Traversing over Container − The foreach loop is useful when we want to traverse over any kind of container like (Array, List, Vector) because this loop simplifies the process of iteration over elements of the container.



Simple Modification − It is useful when we want to perform any simple operation, because it gives simple, easy and readable code compared to the old standard method of writing iteration code.



Working with Non-Container Type − It also works with any type that meets the requirements of an iterable. which consist of begin() and end().

There may be a situation, when you need to execute a block of code several number of times. In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first statement in a function is executed first, followed by the second, and so on.

Programming languages provide various control structures that allow for more complicated execution paths.

A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times and following is the general from of a loop statement in most of the programming languages −

C++ programming language provides the following type of loops to handle looping requirements.

Loop Control Statements

Loop control statements change execution from its normal sequence. When execution leaves a scope, all automatic objects that were created in that scope are destroyed.

C++ supports the following control statements.

The Infinite Loop

A loop becomes infinite loop if a condition never becomes false. The for loop is traditionally used for this purpose. Since none of the three expressions that form the ‘for’ loop are required, you can make an endless loop by leaving the conditional expression empty.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
int main () {
   for( ; ; ) {
  printf("This loop will run forever.\n");
   }

   return 0;
}

When the conditional expression is absent, it is assumed to be true. You may have an initialization and increment expression, but C++ programmers more commonly use the ‘for (;;)’ construct to signify an infinite loop.

NOTE − You can terminate an infinite loop by pressing Ctrl + C keys.

Decision making structures require that the programmer specify one or more conditions to be evaluated or tested by the program, along with a statement or statements to be executed if the condition is determined to be true, and optionally, other statements to be executed if the condition is determined to be false.

Following is the general form of a typical decision making structure found in most of the programming languages −

C++ programming language provides following types of decision making statements.

The ? : Operator

We have covered conditional operator “? :” in previous chapter which can be used to replace if…else statements. It has the following general form −

Exp1 ? Exp2 : Exp3;

Exp1, Exp2, and Exp3 are expressions. Notice the use and placement of the colon.

The value of a ‘?’ expression is determined like this: Exp1 is evaluated. If it is true, then Exp2 is evaluated and becomes the value of the entire ‘?’ expression. If Exp1 is false, then Exp3 is evaluated and its value becomes the value of the expression.

An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations. C++ is rich in built-in operators and provide the following types of operators −

• Arithmetic Operators
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Bitwise Operators
• Assignment Operators
• Misc Operators

This chapter will examine the arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment and other operators one by one.

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators in C++ are the basic operators, which are used for basic mathematical or arithmetical operations on operands. These operators are essential for performing calculations and manipulating data within a program.

There are following arithmetic operators supported by C++ language −

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −

Example

The following is an example of arithmetic operators −

Open Compiler

#include <iostream>usingnamespace std;main(){int a =21;int b =10;int c ;

   c = a + b;
   cout <<"Line 1 - Value of c is :"<< c << endl ;

   c = a - b;
   cout <<"Line 2 - Value of c is  :"<< c << endl;

   c = a * b;
   cout <<"Line 3 - Value of c is :"<< c << endl ;

   c = a / b;
   cout <<"Line 4 - Value of c is  :"<< c << endl ;

   c = a % b;
   cout <<"Line 5 - Value of c is  :"<< c << endl ;

   c = a++; 
   cout <<"Line 6 - Value of c is :"<< c << endl ;

   c = a--; 
   cout <<"Line 7 - Value of c is  :"<< c << endl ;return0;}

Output

Line 1 - Value of c is :31
Line 2 - Value of c is  :11
Line 3 - Value of c is :210
Line 4 - Value of c is  :2
Line 5 - Value of c is  :1
Line 6 - Value of c is :21
Line 7 - Value of c is  :22

Relational Operators

Relational operators are used to compare two values or expressions. These operators return a boolean value − true if the comparison is correct, and else false.

They are essential for making decisions and controlling the flow of a program based on conditions.

There are following relational operators supported by C++ language

Assume variable A holds 10 and variable B holds 20, then −

Example

The following is an example of relational operators −

Open Compiler

#include <iostream>usingnamespace std;main(){int a =21;int b =10;int c ;if( a == b ){
  cout &lt;&lt;"Line 1 - a is equal to b"&lt;&lt; endl ;}else{
  cout &lt;&lt;"Line 1 - a is not equal to b"&lt;&lt; endl ;}if( a &lt; b ){
  cout &lt;&lt;"Line 2 - a is less than b"&lt;&lt; endl ;}else{
  cout &lt;&lt;"Line 2 - a is not less than b"&lt;&lt; endl ;}if( a &gt; b ){
  cout &lt;&lt;"Line 3 - a is greater than b"&lt;&lt; endl ;}else{
  cout &lt;&lt;"Line 3 - a is not greater than b"&lt;&lt; endl ;}/* Let's change the values of a and b */
   a =5;
   b =20;if( a <= b ){
  cout &lt;&lt;"Line 4 - a is either less than \ or equal to  b"&lt;&lt; endl ;}if( b &gt;= a ){
  cout &lt;&lt;"Line 5 - b is either greater than \ or equal to b"&lt;&lt; endl ;}return0;}</code></pre>


Output



Line 1 - a is not equal to b
Line 2 - a is not less than b
Line 3 - a is greater than b
Line 4 - a is either less than  or equal to  b
Line 5 - b is either greater than  or equal to b




Logical Operators



Logical operators are used to perform logical operations on boolean values (true or false). These operators are essential for controlling the flow of a program based on conditions. There are three primary logical operators in C++ as mentioned below −



There are following logical operators supported by C++ language.



Assume variable A holds 1 and variable B holds 0, then −



Operator
Description
Example
&&
Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are non-zero, then condition becomes true.
(A && B) is false.
||
Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands is non-zero, then condition becomes true.
(A || B) is true.
!
Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the logical state of its operand. If a condition is true, then Logical NOT operator will make false.
!(A && B) is true.



Example



The following is an example of logical operators −



Open Compiler



#include <iostream>usingnamespace std;main(){int a =5;int b =20;int c ;if(a && b){
  cout &lt;&lt;"Line 1 - Condition is true"&lt;&lt; endl ;}if(a || b){
  cout &lt;&lt;"Line 2 - Condition is true"&lt;&lt; endl ;}/* Let's change the values of  a and b */
   a =0;
   b =10;if(a && b){
  cout &lt;&lt;"Line 3 - Condition is true"&lt;&lt; endl ;}else{
  cout &lt;&lt;"Line 4 - Condition is not true"&lt;&lt; endl ;}if(!(a &amp;&amp; b)){
  cout &lt;&lt;"Line 5 - Condition is true"&lt;&lt; endl ;}return0;}</code></pre>


Output



Line 1 - Condition is true
Line 2 - Condition is true
Line 4 - Condition is not true
Line 5 - Condition is true




Bitwise Operators



Bitwise operators are used to perform operations at the bit level on integer data types. These operations work on direct manipulation of bits, such as low-level programming, graphics, and cryptography.



Bitwise operator works on bits and perform bit-by-bit operation. The truth tables for &, |, and ^ are as follows −



p
q
p & q
p | q
p ^ q
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
1



Assume if A = 60; and B = 13; now in binary format they will be as follows −



A = 0011 1100



B = 0000 1101



-----------------



A&B = 0000 1100



A|B = 0011 1101



A^B = 0011 0001



~A  = 1100 0011



The Bitwise operators supported by C++ language are listed in the following table. Assume variable A holds 60 and variable B holds 13, then −



Operator
Description
Example
&
Binary AND Operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands.
(A & B) will give 12 which is 0000 1100
|
Binary OR Operator copies a bit if it exists in either operand.
(A | B) will give 61 which is 0011 1101
^
Binary XOR Operator copies the bit if it is set in one operand but not both.
(A ^ B) will give 49 which is 0011 0001
~
Binary Ones Complement Operator is unary and has the effect of 'flipping' bits.
(~A ) will give -61 which is 1100 0011 in 2's complement form due to a signed binary number.
<<
Binary Left Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
A << 2 will give 240 which is 1111 0000
>>
Binary Right Shift Operator. The left operands value is moved right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.
A >> 2 will give 15 which is 0000 1111



Example



The following is an example of bitwise operators −



Open Compiler



#include <iostream>usingnamespace std;main(){unsignedint a =60;// 60 = 0011 1100  unsignedint b =13;// 13 = 0000 1101int c =0;           

   c = a & b;// 12 = 0000 1100
   cout <<"Line 1 - Value of c is : "<< c << endl ;

   c = a | b;// 61 = 0011 1101
   cout <<"Line 2 - Value of c is: "<< c << endl ;

   c = a ^ b;// 49 = 0011 0001
   cout <<"Line 3 - Value of c is: "<< c << endl ;

   c =~a;// -61 = 1100 0011
   cout <<"Line 4 - Value of c is: "<< c << endl ;

   c = a <<2;// 240 = 1111 0000
   cout <<"Line 5 - Value of c is: "<< c << endl ;

   c = a >>2;// 15 = 0000 1111
   cout <<"Line 6 - Value of c is: "<< c << endl ;return0;}



Output



Line 1 - Value of c is : 12
Line 2 - Value of c is: 61
Line 3 - Value of c is: 49
Line 4 - Value of c is: -61
Line 5 - Value of c is: 240
Line 6 - Value of c is: 15




Assignment Operators



Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. These operators allow you to set or update the value stored in a variable.



There are following assignment operators supported by C++ language −



Operator
Description
Example
=
Simple assignment operator, Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand.
C = A + B will assign value of A + B into C
+=
Add AND assignment operator, It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the result to left operand.
C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
-=
Subtract AND assignment operator, It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign the result to left operand.
C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A
*=
Multiply AND assignment operator, It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the result to left operand.
C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
/=
Divide AND assignment operator, It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the result to left operand.
C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
%=
Modulus AND assignment operator, It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to left operand.
C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
<<=
Left shift AND assignment operator.
C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
>>=
Right shift AND assignment operator.
C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
&=
Bitwise AND assignment operator.
C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
^=
Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator.
C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
|=
Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator.
C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2



Example



The following is an example of assignment operators −



Open Compiler



#include <iostream>usingnamespace std;main(){int a =21;int c ;

   c =  a;
   cout <<"Line 1 - =  Operator, Value of c = : "<<c<< endl ;

   c +=  a;
   cout <<"Line 2 - += Operator, Value of c = : "<<c<< endl ;

   c -=  a;
   cout <<"Line 3 - -= Operator, Value of c = : "<<c<< endl ;

   c *=  a;
   cout <<"Line 4 - *= Operator, Value of c = : "<<c<< endl ;

   c /=  a;
   cout <<"Line 5 - /= Operator, Value of c = : "<<c<< endl ;

   c  =200;
   c %=  a;
   cout <<"Line 6 - %= Operator, Value of c = : "<<c<< endl ;

   c <<=2;
   cout <<"Line 7 - <<= Operator, Value of c = : "<<c<< endl ;

   c >>=2;
   cout <<"Line 8 - >>= Operator, Value of c = : "<<c<< endl ;

   c &=2;
   cout <<"Line 9 - &= Operator, Value of c = : "<<c<< endl ;

   c ^=2;
   cout <<"Line 10 - ^= Operator, Value of c = : "<<c<< endl ;

   c |=2;
   cout <<"Line 11 - |= Operator, Value of c = : "<<c<< endl ;return0;}



Output



Line 1 - =  Operator, Value of c = : 21
Line 2 - += Operator, Value of c = : 42
Line 3 - -= Operator, Value of c = : 21
Line 4 - *= Operator, Value of c = : 441
Line 5 - /= Operator, Value of c = : 21
Line 6 - %= Operator, Value of c = : 11
Line 7 - <<= Operator, Value of c = : 44
Line 8 - >>= Operator, Value of c = : 11
Line 9 - &= Operator, Value of c = : 2
Line 10 - ^= Operator, Value of c = : 0
Line 11 - |= Operator, Value of c = : 2




Misc Operators



Miscellaneous operators, often abbreviated as "misc operators", include a variety of operators that don’t fit neatly into other categories like arithmetic or logical operators. Here are some common miscellaneous operators and their definitions −



The following table lists some other operators that C++ supports.



Sr.No
Operator & Description
1
sizeofsizeof operator returns the size of a variable. For example, sizeof(a), where ‘a’ is integer, and will return 4.
2
Condition ? X : YConditional operator (?). If Condition is true then it returns value of X otherwise returns value of Y.
3
,Comma operator causes a sequence of operations to be performed. The value of the entire comma expression is the value of the last expression of the comma-separated list.
4
. (dot) and -> (arrow)Member operators are used to reference individual members of classes, structures, and unions.
5
CastCasting operators convert one data type to another. For example, int(2.2000) would return 2.
6
&Pointer operator & returns the address of a variable. For example &a; will give actual address of the variable.
7
*Pointer operator * is pointer to a variable. For example *var; will pointer to a variable var.



Conditional (Ternary) Operator (?:)



It is a shorthand way to perform a conditional evaluation in C++.



int a =10, b =20;int result =(a > b)? a : b;// result will be 20 because a is not greater than b
cout <<"The greater value is: "<< result << endl;



Output



The greater value is: 20




Sizeof Operator



The sizeof operator returns the size, in bytes, of a variable or data type.



int x =5;
cout <<"Size of int: "<<sizeof(x)<<" bytes"<< endl;  
cout <<"Size of double: "<<sizeof(double)<<" bytes"<< endl;



Output



4
8




Bitwise Complement Operator (~)



The bitwise complement operator inverts the bits of its operand.



unsignedint num =5;// Binary: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000101unsignedint result =~num;// Binary: 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111010
cout <<"Bitwise complement of 5: "<< result << endl;// Outputs a large positive number due to unsigned



Scope Resolution Operator (::)



This operator is used to define the scope of a function or variable, particularly in the context of classes and namespaces.



classMyClass{public:staticint value;};int MyClass::value =10;// Define static member outside the class

cout <<"Static value: "<< MyClass::value << endl;



Output



10




Operators Precedence in C++



Operator precedence determines the grouping of terms in an expression. This affects how an expression is evaluated. Certain operators have higher precedence than others; for example, the multiplication operator has higher precedence than the addition operator −



For example x = 7 + 3 * 2; here, x is assigned 13, not 20 because operator * has higher precedence than +, so it first gets multiplied with 3*2 and then adds into 7.



Here, operators with the highest precedence appear at the top of the table, those with the lowest appear at the bottom. Within an expression, higher precedence operators will be evaluated first.



Category 
Operator 
Associativity 
Postfix 
() [] -> . ++ - -  
Left to right 
Unary 
+ - ! ~ ++ - - (type)* & sizeof 
Right to left 
Multiplicative  
* / % 
Left to right 
Additive  
+ - 
Left to right 
Shift  
<< >> 
Left to right 
Relational  
< <= > >= 
Left to right 
Equality  
== != 
Left to right 
Bitwise AND 
& 
Left to right 
Bitwise XOR 
^ 
Left to right 
Bitwise OR 
| 
Left to right 
Logical AND 
&& 
Left to right 
Logical OR 
|| 
Left to right 
Conditional 
?: 
Right to left 
Assignment 
= += -= *= /= %=>>= <<= &= ^= |= 
Right to left 
Comma 
, 
Left to right 



Example



The following is an example of demonstrating operators precedence −



Open Compiler



#include <iostream>usingnamespace std;main(){int a =20;int b =10;int c =15;int d =5;int e;

   e =(a + b)* c / d;// ( 30 * 15 ) / 5
   cout <<"Value of (a + b) * c / d is :"<< e << endl ;

   e =((a + b)* c)/ d;// (30 * 15 ) / 5
   cout <<"Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is  :"<< e << endl ;

   e =(a + b)*(c / d);// (30) * (15/5)
   cout <<"Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is  :"<< e << endl ;

   e = a +(b * c)/ d;//  20 + (150/5)
   cout <<"Value of a + (b * c) / d is  :"<< e << endl ;return0;}



Output



Value of (a + b) * c / d is :90
Value of ((a + b) * c) / d is  :90
Value of (a + b) * (c / d) is  :90
Value of a + (b * c) / d is  :50