Category: Projects

Get API Key

1. Sign up at OpenWeatherMap and create an API key.
2. Note the API key, as you will need it to make requests.

Step 2: Install Required Packages

You’ll need the requests library to make API calls. You can install it using pip:

bashCopy codepip install requests

Step 3: Create the Weather Application

Create a file named weather_forecast.py and add the following code:

pythonCopy codeimport requests

class WeatherForecast:
def __init__(self, api_key):
    self.api_key = api_key
    self.base_url = "http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather"
def get_weather(self, city):
    """Fetch the weather data for the given city."""
    try:
        params = {
            'q': city,
            'appid': self.api_key,
            'units': 'metric'  # Change to 'imperial' for Fahrenheit
        }
        response = requests.get(self.base_url, params=params)
        response.raise_for_status()  # Raise an error for bad responses
        return response.json()
    except requests.exceptions.HTTPError as e:
        print(f"HTTP error: {e}")
        return None
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Error fetching weather data: {e}")
        return None
def display_weather(self, city):
    """Display the weather information."""
    weather_data = self.get_weather(city)
    if weather_data:
        city_name = weather_data['name']
        temperature = weather_data['main']['temp']
        description = weather_data['weather'][0]['description']
        humidity = weather_data['main']['humidity']
        wind_speed = weather_data['wind']['speed']
        print(f"\nWeather in {city_name}:")
        print(f"Temperature: {temperature}°C")
        print(f"Description: {description.capitalize()}")
        print(f"Humidity: {humidity}%")
        print(f"Wind Speed: {wind_speed} m/s")
    else:
        print("Could not retrieve weather data.")
def main():
api_key = input("Enter your OpenWeatherMap API key: ")
weather_app = WeatherForecast(api_key)
while True:
    city = input("\nEnter city name (or 'quit' to exit): ")
    if city.lower() == 'quit':
        print("Exiting the application.")
        break
    weather_app.display_weather(city)
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

Step 4: Running the Weather Application

1. Open your terminal (or command prompt).
2. Navigate to the directory where you saved weather_forecast.py.
3. Run the script using the command:bashCopy codepython weather_forecast.py

How It Works

• API Integration: The application fetches weather data from OpenWeatherMap using an API call based on the city name provided by the user.
• Data Display: It displays the temperature, weather description, humidity, and wind speed.
• User Input: The user can enter a city name to get the weather or type quit to exit.

Create the Shell

Create a file named custom_shell.py and add the following code:

pythonCopy codeimport os
import subprocess

class CustomShell:
def __init__(self):
    self.running = True
def run(self):
    while self.running:
        try:
            command = input(f"{os.getcwd()}$ ").strip()
            self.process_command(command)
        except KeyboardInterrupt:
            print("\nExiting the shell.")
            self.running = False
def process_command(self, command):
    if command.lower() in ['exit', 'quit']:
        self.running = False
        return
    elif command.startswith('cd '):
        self.change_directory(command[3:])
    else:
        self.execute_command(command)
def change_directory(self, path):
    try:
        os.chdir(path)
        print(f"Changed directory to {os.getcwd()}")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"cd: {e}")
def execute_command(self, command):
    try:
        # Execute the command
        result = subprocess.run(command, shell=True, check=True, text=True, capture_output=True)
        print(result.stdout)
    except subprocess.CalledProcessError as e:
        print(f"Error: {e.stderr.strip()}")
if __name__ == "__main__":
shell = CustomShell()
shell.run()

Step 2: Running the Custom Shell

1. Open your terminal (or command prompt).
2. Navigate to the directory where you saved custom_shell.py.
3. Run the script using the command:bashCopy codepython custom_shell.py

How It Works

• Command Input: The shell prompts you to enter a command.
• Command Processing:
  • Exit Command: You can type exit or quit to exit the shell.
  • Change Directory: Use cd <directory> to change the current working directory.
  • Execute Command: Any other command is executed using the subprocess module.
• Error Handling: The shell handles errors gracefully, providing feedback if a command fails.

Example Usage

1. Change Directory: Type cd path/to/directory to navigate to a different directory.
2. Execute Commands: Type commands like ls (or dir on Windows) to list files, or echo Hello World to print a message.
3. Exit: Type exit or quit to close the shell.

Install Pillow

First, make sure you have Pillow installed. You can install it using pip:

bashCopy codepip install Pillow

Step 2: Create the Image Processing Library

Create a file named image_processing.py and add the following code:

pythonCopy codefrom PIL import Image, ImageFilter

class SimpleImageProcessor:
def __init__(self, image_path):
    self.image_path = image_path
    self.image = self.load_image()
def load_image(self):
    """Load an image from the specified path."""
    try:
        image = Image.open(self.image_path)
        print(f"Loaded image: {self.image_path}")
        return image
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Error loading image: {e}")
        return None
def save_image(self, output_path):
    """Save the current image to a specified path."""
    try:
        self.image.save(output_path)
        print(f"Image saved to: {output_path}")
    except Exception as e:
        print(f"Error saving image: {e}")
def resize_image(self, width, height):
    """Resize the image to the specified width and height."""
    if self.image is not None:
        self.image = self.image.resize((width, height))
        print(f"Resized image to: {width}x{height}")
def rotate_image(self, angle):
    """Rotate the image by the specified angle."""
    if self.image is not None:
        self.image = self.image.rotate(angle)
        print(f"Rotated image by: {angle} degrees")
def apply_blur(self):
    """Apply a blur filter to the image."""
    if self.image is not None:
        self.image = self.image.filter(ImageFilter.BLUR)
        print("Applied blur filter to the image.")
def show_image(self):
    """Display the current image."""
    if self.image is not None:
        self.image.show()
def main():
image_path = input("Enter the path of the image file: ")
processor = SimpleImageProcessor(image_path)
while True:
    print("\nImage Processing Options:")
    print("1. Resize Image")
    print("2. Rotate Image")
    print("3. Apply Blur")
    print("4. Show Image")
    print("5. Save Image")
    print("6. Exit")
    choice = input("Choose an option (1-6): ")
    if choice == '1':
        width = int(input("Enter new width: "))
        height = int(input("Enter new height: "))
        processor.resize_image(width, height)
    elif choice == '2':
        angle = int(input("Enter rotation angle: "))
        processor.rotate_image(angle)
    elif choice == '3':
        processor.apply_blur()
    elif choice == '4':
        processor.show_image()
    elif choice == '5':
        output_path = input("Enter output file path: ")
        processor.save_image(output_path)
    elif choice == '6':
        print("Exiting the image processor.")
        break
    else:
        print("Invalid choice. Please try again.")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

Step 3: Running the Image Processing Library

1. Open your terminal (or command prompt).
2. Navigate to the directory where you saved image_processing.py.
3. Run the script using the command:bashCopy codepython image_processing.py

Create the Scheduler

Create a file named task_scheduler.py and add the following code:

pythonCopy codeimport time
import json
import os
from threading import Thread
from datetime import datetime, timedelta

class TaskScheduler:
def __init__(self, filename='tasks.json'):
    self.filename = filename
    self.tasks = self.load_tasks()
    self.running = True
    self.thread = Thread(target=self.run_tasks)
    self.thread.start()
def load_tasks(self):
    if os.path.exists(self.filename):
        with open(self.filename, 'r') as file:
            return json.load(file)
    return []
def save_tasks(self):
    with open(self.filename, 'w') as file:
        json.dump(self.tasks, file)
def add_task(self, task_name, run_time):
    task = {
        'name': task_name,
        'run_time': run_time
    }
    self.tasks.append(task)
    self.save_tasks()
    print(f"Task '{task_name}' scheduled for {run_time}.")
def view_tasks(self):
    if not self.tasks:
        print("No tasks scheduled.")
        return
    print("\nScheduled Tasks:")
    for i, task in enumerate(self.tasks, 1):
        print(f"{i}. {task['name']} - Scheduled for: {task['run_time']}")
def run_tasks(self):
    while self.running:
        current_time = datetime.now().strftime('%Y-%m-%d %H:%M')
        for task in self.tasks:
            if task['run_time'] == current_time:
                print(f"Running task: {task['name']}")
                self.tasks.remove(task)
                self.save_tasks()
        time.sleep(60)  # Check every minute
def stop(self):
    self.running = False
    self.thread.join()
def main():
scheduler = TaskScheduler()

while True:
    print("\nTask Scheduler")
    print("1. Add Task")
    print("2. View Tasks")
    print("3. Quit")
    
    choice = input("Choose an option (1-3): ")
    if choice == '1':
        task_name = input("Enter the task name: ")
        run_time = input("Enter the run time (YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM): ")
        scheduler.add_task(task_name, run_time)
    elif choice == '2':
        scheduler.view_tasks()
    elif choice == '3':
        scheduler.stop()
        print("Exiting the task scheduler.")
        break
    else:
        print("Invalid choice. Please try again.")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

Step 2: Running the Task Scheduler

1. Open your terminal (or command prompt).
2. Navigate to the directory where you saved task_scheduler.py.
3. Run the script using the command:bashCopy codepython task_scheduler.py

How It Works

• Task Scheduling: You can add tasks by specifying the name and the time to run (in YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM format). Tasks will be stored in a JSON file (tasks.json).
• Task Execution: The scheduler checks every minute to see if any tasks need to be executed based on the current time.
• Threading: A separate thread runs the task-checking loop, allowing the main program to accept user input simultaneously.

Example Usage

1. Add a Task: Choose option 1, enter a task name, and specify the time you want it to run.
2. View Scheduled Tasks: Choose option 2 to see all your scheduled tasks.
3. Quit: Choose option 3 to exit the scheduler.

Create the Game

Create a file named adventure_game.py and add the following code:

pythonCopy codeclass AdventureGame:
def __init__(self):
    self.is_running = True
    self.current_room = 'start'
    self.inventory = []
def start(self):
    print("Welcome to the Adventure Game!")
    print("Type 'help' for a list of commands.")
    while self.is_running:
        self.command_handler()
def command_handler(self):
    command = input(f"\nYou are in {self.current_room}. What do you want to do? ").lower()
    if command == 'help':
        self.show_help()
    elif command == 'look':
        self.look_around()
    elif command.startswith('go '):
        self.move(command[3:])
    elif command.startswith('take '):
        self.take_item(command[5:])
    elif command == 'inventory':
        self.show_inventory()
    elif command == 'quit':
        self.is_running = False
        print("Thank you for playing!")
    else:
        print("Unknown command. Type 'help' for a list of commands.")
def show_help(self):
    print("\nAvailable commands:")
    print(" - look: Look around your current room.")
    print(" - go [direction]: Move to a different room (north, south, east, west).")
    print(" - take [item]: Take an item from the room.")
    print(" - inventory: Show your inventory.")
    print(" - quit: Exit the game.")
def look_around(self):
    if self.current_room == 'start':
        print("You are in a dimly lit room. There is a door to the north.")
        print("There is a shiny key on the table.")
    elif self.current_room == 'hallway':
        print("You are in a long hallway. There are doors to the east and west.")
    elif self.current_room == 'treasure_room':
        print("You are in a room filled with gold and jewels! There is a door to the south.")
def move(self, direction):
    if self.current_room == 'start' and direction == 'north':
        self.current_room = 'hallway'
        print("You move north into the hallway.")
    elif self.current_room == 'hallway' and direction == 'east':
        self.current_room = 'treasure_room'
        print("You move east into the treasure room.")
    elif self.current_room == 'hallway' and direction == 'west':
        self.current_room = 'start'
        print("You move west back to the start room.")
    else:
        print("You can't go that way.")
def take_item(self, item):
    if self.current_room == 'start' and item == 'key':
        self.inventory.append('key')
        print("You take the shiny key.")
    else:
        print("There's nothing to take here.")
def show_inventory(self):
    if not self.inventory:
        print("Your inventory is empty.")
    else:
        print("You have: " + ', '.join(self.inventory))
if __name__ == "__main__":
game = AdventureGame()
game.start()

Step 2: Running the Game

1. Open your terminal (or command prompt).
2. Navigate to the directory where you saved adventure_game.py.
3. Run the script using the command:bashCopy codepython adventure_game.py

How the Game Works

• Rooms: The game features three rooms: start, hallway, and treasure_room. You can move between them and interact with items.
• Commands: Players can use commands such as look, go, take, inventory, and quit.
• Inventory System: Players can pick up items (like a key) and view their inventory.

Example Commands

1. Look around: Type look to see what’s in your current room.
2. Move: Type go north to move to the hallway.
3. Take an item: Type take key to pick up the key in the start room.
4. Check inventory: Type inventory to see what items you have.

Create the Finance Tracker

Create a file named finance_tracker.py and add the following code:

pythonCopy codeimport json
import os

class FinanceTracker:
def __init__(self, filename='finance_data.json'):
    self.filename = filename
    self.transactions = self.load_data()
def load_data(self):
    if os.path.exists(self.filename):
        with open(self.filename, 'r') as file:
            return json.load(file)
    return []
def save_data(self):
    with open(self.filename, 'w') as file:
        json.dump(self.transactions, file)
def add_transaction(self, amount, category, description):
    transaction = {
        'amount': amount,
        'category': category,
        'description': description
    }
    self.transactions.append(transaction)
    self.save_data()
    print("Transaction added!")
def view_transactions(self):
    if not self.transactions:
        print("No transactions found.")
        return
    print("\nTransactions:")
    for i, transaction in enumerate(self.transactions, 1):
        print(f"{i}. {transaction['amount']} - {transaction['category']}: {transaction['description']}")
def summarize(self):
    total_income = sum(t['amount'] for t in self.transactions if t['amount'] > 0)
    total_expense = sum(t['amount'] for t in self.transactions if t['amount'] < 0)
    balance = total_income + total_expense
    print(f"\nTotal Income: {total_income}")
    print(f"Total Expense: {total_expense}")
    print(f"Balance: {balance}")
def main():
tracker = FinanceTracker()

while True:
    print("\nPersonal Finance Tracker")
    print("1. Add Transaction")
    print("2. View Transactions")
    print("3. Summarize")
    print("4. Exit")
    
    choice = input("Choose an option (1-4): ")
    if choice == '1':
        amount = float(input("Enter the transaction amount (use negative for expenses): "))
        category = input("Enter the transaction category: ")
        description = input("Enter a description: ")
        tracker.add_transaction(amount, category, description)
    elif choice == '2':
        tracker.view_transactions()
    elif choice == '3':
        tracker.summarize()
    elif choice == '4':
        print("Exiting the tracker.")
        break
    else:
        print("Invalid choice. Please try again.")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

Step 2: Running the Finance Tracker

1. Open your terminal (or command prompt).
2. Navigate to the directory where you saved finance_tracker.py.
3. Run the script using the command:bashCopy codepython finance_tracker.py

Features of the Tracker

• Add Transaction: You can add income or expense transactions. Income should be entered as a positive amount, while expenses should be negative.
• View Transactions: Displays all recorded transactions with their details.
• Summarize: Provides a summary of total income, total expenses, and the overall balance.
• Data Persistence: Transactions are saved in a JSON file (finance_data.json) so that you can access them even after closing the application.

Install Pygame

First, make sure you have Python installed. Then, install Pygame by running:

bashCopy codepip install pygame

Step 2: Create the Game Engine

Create a file named game_engine.py and add the following code:

pythonCopy codeimport pygame
import sys

class GameEngine:
def __init__(self, width, height, title):
    pygame.init()
    self.width = width
    self.height = height
    self.title = title
    self.screen = pygame.display.set_mode((self.width, self.height))
    pygame.display.set_caption(self.title)
    self.clock = pygame.time.Clock()
    self.running = True
def run(self):
    while self.running:
        self.handle_events()
        self.update()
        self.draw()
        self.clock.tick(60)  # Limit the frame rate to 60 FPS
    pygame.quit()
    sys.exit()
def handle_events(self):
    for event in pygame.event.get():
        if event.type == pygame.QUIT:
            self.running = False
def update(self):
    """Update game state. Override this in subclasses."""
    pass
def draw(self):
    """Draw on the screen. Override this in subclasses."""
    self.screen.fill((0, 0, 0))  # Clear screen with black
    pygame.display.flip()
class MyGame(GameEngine):
def __init__(self):
    super().__init__(800, 600, "My Game")
def update(self):
    # Update game logic here
    pass
def draw(self):
    super().draw()
    # Draw game elements here
    font = pygame.font.Font(None, 36)
    text = font.render("Hello, Pygame!", True, (255, 255, 255))
    self.screen.blit(text, (350, 280))
if __name__ == "__main__":
game = MyGame()
game.run()

Step 3: Running the Game Engine

1. Open your terminal (or command prompt).
2. Navigate to the directory where you saved game_engine.py.
3. Run the script using the command:bashCopy codepython game_engine.py

How It Works

• Game Engine Class: The GameEngine class initializes Pygame, creates a window, and runs the game loop, which handles events, updates game logic, and draws the screen.
• MyGame Class: This class inherits from GameEngine and can be customized for your specific game. You can override the update and draw methods to implement your game logic and rendering.
• Event Handling: The handle_events method checks for the quit event to close the game.

Additional Features to Consider

This basic structure provides a foundation for your game engine. You can enhance it by adding features like:

• Sprite Management: Create a class to manage game sprites and animations.
• Collision Detection: Implement collision detection between game objects.
• Sound Management: Add sound effects and background music.
• Input Handling: Extend input handling to manage keyboard and mouse actions.
• Game States: Create a system to manage different game states (menu, playing, paused, etc.).

Setup Your Environment

Make sure you have Python installed on your machine. You can check this by running:

bashCopy codepython --version

If you need to install Python, you can download it from python.org.

Step 2: Create the Compression Tool

Create a file named file_compression_tool.py and add the following code:

pythonCopy codeimport zipfile
import os

def compress_file(input_file, output_zip):
"""Compress a single file into a ZIP file."""
with zipfile.ZipFile(output_zip, 'w') as zipf:
    zipf.write(input_file, os.path.basename(input_file))
print(f"Compressed '{input_file}' into '{output_zip}'.")
def decompress_file(input_zip, output_dir):
"""Decompress a ZIP file into a specified directory."""
with zipfile.ZipFile(input_zip, 'r') as zipf:
    zipf.extractall(output_dir)
print(f"Decompressed '{input_zip}' into '{output_dir}'.")
def main():
while True:
    print("\nFile Compression Tool")
    print("1. Compress a file")
    print("2. Decompress a file")
    print("3. Exit")
    
    choice = input("Choose an option (1-3): ")
    if choice == '1':
        input_file = input("Enter the path of the file to compress: ")
        output_zip = input("Enter the name of the output ZIP file: ")
        compress_file(input_file, output_zip)
    elif choice == '2':
        input_zip = input("Enter the path of the ZIP file to decompress: ")
        output_dir = input("Enter the output directory: ")
        decompress_file(input_zip, output_dir)
    elif choice == '3':
        print("Exiting the tool.")
        break
    else:
        print("Invalid choice. Please try again.")
if __name__ == "__main__":
main()

Step 3: Running the Tool

1. Open your terminal (or command prompt).
2. Navigate to the directory where you saved file_compression_tool.py.
3. Run the script using the command:bashCopy codepython file_compression_tool.py

How It Works

• Compress a File: When you choose to compress a file, you’ll be prompted to provide the path of the file you want to compress and the name of the output ZIP file. The script will create a ZIP file containing the specified file.
• Decompress a File: If you choose to decompress a file, you’ll need to specify the path of the ZIP file and the directory where you want to extract the files.

Example Usage

1. To compress a file named example.txt into example.zip, you would select option 1, input the file path, and then the desired ZIP file name.
2. To decompress example.zip into a folder called output, choose option 2, input the ZIP file path, and the output directory.

Backend Setup (Node.js)

Step 1: Install Node.js and Required Packages

First, make sure you have Node.js installed. Then, create a new directory for your project and run the following commands to set up your backend:

bashCopy codemkdir chat-app
cd chat-app
npm init -y
npm install express socket.io

Step 2: Create Server File

Create a file named server.js and add the following code:

javascriptCopy codeconst express = require('express');
const http = require('http');
const socketIo = require('socket.io');

const app = express();
const server = http.createServer(app);
const io = socketIo(server);

app.use(express.static('public'));

io.on('connection', (socket) => {
console.log('New user connected');
socket.on('chat message', (msg) => {
    io.emit('chat message', msg);
});
socket.on('disconnect', () => {
    console.log('User disconnected');
});
});

const PORT = process.env.PORT || 3000;
server.listen(PORT, () => {
console.log(Server is running on http://localhost:${PORT});
});

2. Frontend Setup

Step 1: Create Frontend Files

Inside your project directory, create a folder named public and create two files: index.html and style.css.

Step 2: Create index.html

Add the following code to index.html:

htmlCopy code<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
&lt;meta charset="UTF-8"&gt;
&lt;meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"&gt;
&lt;link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"&gt;
&lt;title&gt;Chat Application&lt;/title&gt;
</head>
<body>
&lt;div class="chat-container"&gt;
    &lt;ul id="messages"&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;
    &lt;form id="form" action=""&gt;
        &lt;input id="input" autocomplete="off" /&gt;&lt;button&gt;Send&lt;/button&gt;
    &lt;/form&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;script src="/socket.io/socket.io.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
&lt;script src="script.js"&gt;&lt;/script&gt;
</body>
</html>

Step 3: Create style.css

Add some basic styling in style.css:

cssCopy codebody {
font-family: Arial, sans-serif;
background-color: #f4f4f4;
}

.chat-container {
width: 400px;
margin: 50px auto;
background: white;
border-radius: 5px;
box-shadow: 0 2px 10px rgba(0,0,0,0.1);
padding: 20px;
}

ul {
list-style-type: none;
padding: 0;
max-height: 300px;
overflow-y: scroll;
}

li {
padding: 8px;
margin-bottom: 5px;
background: #e1e1e1;
border-radius: 4px;
}

form {
display: flex;
}

input {
flex: 1;
padding: 10px;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
border-radius: 4px;
}

Step 4: Create script.js

Add the following code in script.js:

javascriptCopy codeconst socket = io();

const form = document.getElementById('form');
const input = document.getElementById('input');
const messages = document.getElementById('messages');

form.addEventListener('submit', function(e) {
e.preventDefault();
if (input.value) {
    socket.emit('chat message', input.value);
    input.value = '';
}
});

socket.on('chat message', function(msg) {
const item = document.createElement('li');
item.textContent = msg;
messages.appendChild(item);
window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);
});

3. Running the Application

Now that you have everything set up, you can run your chat application.

1. Open your terminal and navigate to your project directory.
2. Run the server:bashCopy codenode server.js
3. Open your web browser and go to http://localhost:3000.

4. Test the Chat Application

You can open multiple tabs or different browsers to test real-time communication. Messages sent from one tab should appear in the others instantly!

A simple console-based Tic-Tac-Toe game.

cppCopy code#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

char board[3][3] = { {'1','2','3'},{'4','5','6'},{'7','8','9'} };
char player = 'X';

void printBoard() {
cout &lt;&lt; endl;
for (int i = 0; i &lt; 3; i++) {
    for (int j = 0; j &lt; 3; j++) {
        cout &lt;&lt; board&#91;i]&#91;j] &lt;&lt; " ";
    }
    cout &lt;&lt; endl;
}
}

bool isWinner() {
for (int i = 0; i &lt; 3; i++) {
    if (board&#91;i]&#91;0] == board&#91;i]&#91;1] &amp;&amp; board&#91;i]&#91;1] == board&#91;i]&#91;2])
        return true;
    if (board&#91;0]&#91;i] == board&#91;1]&#91;i] &amp;&amp; board&#91;1]&#91;i] == board&#91;2]&#91;i])
        return true;
}
if (board&#91;0]&#91;0] == board&#91;1]&#91;1] &amp;&amp; board&#91;1]&#91;1] == board&#91;2]&#91;2])
    return true;
if (board&#91;0]&#91;2] == board&#91;1]&#91;1] &amp;&amp; board&#91;1]&#91;1] == board&#91;2]&#91;0])
    return true;
return false;
}

int main() {
int move;
for (int turns = 0; turns &lt; 9; turns++) {
    printBoard();
    cout &lt;&lt; "Player " &lt;&lt; player &lt;&lt; ", enter your move (1-9): ";
    cin &gt;&gt; move;
    int row = (move - 1) / 3;
    int col = (move - 1) % 3;
    if (move &lt; 1 || move &gt; 9 || board&#91;row]&#91;col] != (move + '0')) {
        cout &lt;&lt; "Invalid move! Try again." &lt;&lt; endl;
        turns--;
        continue;
    }
    board&#91;row]&#91;col] = player;
    if (isWinner()) {
        printBoard();
        cout &lt;&lt; "Player " &lt;&lt; player &lt;&lt; " wins!" &lt;&lt; endl;
        return 0;
    }
    player = (player == 'X') ? 'O' : 'X';
}
printBoard();
cout &lt;&lt; "It's a draw!" &lt;&lt; endl;
return 0;
}