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Author: saqibkhan

  • How would you define the term I/O? 

    • The term I/O is used to describe any program, operation, or device that transfers data to or from a medium and to or from another medium
    • Every transfer is an output from one medium and an input into another. The medium can be a physical device, network, or files within a system
    io

  • What are the advantages of using promises instead of callbacks?

    • The control flow of asynchronous logic is more specified and structured.
    • The coupling is low.
    • We’ve built-in error handling.
    • Improved readability.

  • Explain callback in Node.js.

    A callback function is called after a given task. It allows other code to be run in the meantime and prevents any blocking.  Being an asynchronous platform, Node.js heavily relies on callback. All APIs of Node are written to support callbacks.

  • If Node.js is single-threaded, then how does it handle concurrency?

    The Multi-Threaded Request/Response Stateless Model is not followed by the Node JS Platform, and it adheres to the Single-Threaded Event Loop Model. The Node JS Processing paradigm is heavily influenced by the JavaScript Event-based model and the JavaScript callback system. As a result, Node.js can easily manage more concurrent client requests. The event loop is the processing model’s beating heart in Node.js.

  • Why is Node.js Single-threaded?

    Node.js is single-threaded for async processing. By doing async processing on a single-thread under typical web loads, more performance and scalability can be achieved instead of the typical thread-based implementation.

  • How does Node.js work?

    A web server using Node.js typically has a workflow that is quite similar to the diagram illustrated below. Let’s explore this flow of operations in detail.

    Node.js Architecture Workflow
    • Clients send requests to the webserver to interact with the web application. Requests can be non-blocking or blocking:
    • Querying for data
    • Deleting data 
    • Updating the data
    • Node.js retrieves the incoming requests and adds those to the Event Queue
    • The requests are then passed one-by-one through the Event Loop. It checks if the requests are simple enough not to require any external resources
    • The Event Loop processes simple requests (non-blocking operations), such as I/O Polling, and returns the responses to the corresponding clients

    A single thread from the Thread Pool is assigned to a single complex request. This thread is responsible for completing a particular blocking request by accessing external resources, such as computation, database, file system, etc.

    Once the task is carried out completely, the response is sent to the Event Loop that sends that response back to the client.

  • Why use Node.js?

    Node.js makes building scalable network programs easy. Some of its advantages include:

    • It is generally fast
    • It rarely blocks
    • It offers a unified programming language and data type
    • Everything is asynchronous 
    • It yields great concurrency

  • What is Node.js? Where can you use it?

    Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform JavaScript runtime environment and library to run web applications outside the client’s browser. It is used to create server-side web applications.

    Node.js is perfect for data-intensive applications as it uses an asynchronous, event-driven model. You can use  I/O intensive web applications like video streaming sites. You can also use it for developing: Real-time web applications, Network applications, General-purpose applications, and Distributed systems.

  • Overview

    C++ is a statically typed, compiled, general-purpose, case-sensitive, free-form programming language that supports procedural, object-oriented, and generic programming.

    C++ is regarded as a middle-level language, as it comprises a combination of both high-level and low-level language features.

    C++ was developed by Bjarne Stroustrup starting in 1979 at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey, as an enhancement to the C language and originally named C with Classes but later it was renamed C++ in 1983.

    C++ is a superset of C, and that virtually any legal C program is a legal C++ program.

    Note − A programming language is said to use static typing when type checking is performed during compile-time as opposed to run-time.

    Object-Oriented Programming

    C++ fully supports object-oriented programming, including the four pillars of object-oriented development −

    • Classes and Objects
    • Encapsulation
    • Data hiding
    • Inheritance
    • Polymorphism

    Standard Libraries

    Standard C++ consists of three important parts −

    • The core language giving all the building blocks including variables, data types, and literals, etc.
    • The C++ Standard Library giving a rich set of functions manipulating files, strings, etc.
    • The Standard Template Library (STL) giving a rich set of methods manipulating data structures, etc.

    The ANSI Standard

    The ANSI standard is an attempt to ensure that C++ is portable; that code you write for Microsoft’s compiler will compile without errors, using a compiler on a Mac, UNIX, a Windows box, or an Alpha.

    The ANSI standard has been stable for a while, and all the major C++ compiler manufacturers support the ANSI standard.

    Learning C++

    The most important thing while learning C++ is to focus on concepts.

    The purpose of learning a programming language is to become a better programmer; that is, to become more effective at designing and implementing new systems and at maintaining old ones.

    C++ supports a variety of programming styles. You can write in the style of Fortran, C, Smalltalk, etc., in any language. Each style can achieve its aims effectively while maintaining runtime and space efficiency.

    Use of C++

    • C++ is used by hundreds of thousands of programmers in essentially every application domain.
    • C++ is being highly used to write device drivers and other software that rely on direct manipulation of hardware under realtime constraints.
    • C++ is widely used for teaching and research because it is clean enough for successful teaching of basic concepts.
    • Anyone who has used either an Apple Macintosh or a PC running Windows has indirectly used C++ because the primary user interfaces of these systems are written in C++.

    C++ Hello World

    Get started learning C++ with the first program by printing “Hello World” on the console −

    Open Compiler

    #include <iostream>usingnamespace std;intmain(){
   cout <<"Hello, World!";// prints Hello, World!return0;}

    Output of the above code is:

    Hello, World!

    Advantages of C++

    C++ programming language has many advantages over other languages. Some of these advantages are listed as follows −

    • Rich Standard Library: C++ language provides the users with a rich and useful Standard Template Library (STL). This library has a lot of in-built methods and data structure templates to make coding in this language efficient and quick.
    • OOPS Concepts: C++ language provides users with Object-Oriented Programming concepts like class, object, abstraction, polymorphism and much more. Hence, it acts as a modified and better version of C programming language.
    • Faster Performance: C++ language is faster in comparison to other languages like Python, Go, C#, and many more. This makes it very useful in embedded systems and gaming processors.
    • Efficient Compiler: C++ is a compiled language. C++ compiler is very versatile, and it can accept both procedural programs as well as object oriented programs.
    • Hardware Independent: C++ language is independent of any hardware or system design. C++ programs work on any system that has a C++/GCC compiler installed and enabled in it.
    • Large Support Base: C++ is one of the most widely used programming languages across the globe. It has a vast community of developers and programmers. This can be explored on platforms like Github, Reddit, Discord, DEV, Stack Overflow, and many more.

    Disadvantages of C++

    C++ programming language also has some disadvantages, which are listed below:

    • Error Detection: C++ provides the facility of low-level design and is very close to the hardware of the system. Hence, this may lead the user to carry out small errors that are difficult to observe and detect.
    • Large Syntax: C++ has a very lengthy code base, and many programmers find it difficult to write such a lengthy syntax. This has drawn backlash from the user-base of languages like Python, Go, etc., which are easier to code and simpler to execute.
    • Learning Curve: As compared to Python and Go, C++ has a very steep learning curve. Users feel that the initial building phase is very tough to learn, and there are many concepts that beginners find difficult to understand.

    Facts about C++

    Here are some interesting and lesser-known facts about the C++ programming language −

    • C++ language was invented at the AT&T Bell Labs, the same place where C language was invented.
    • C++ language is heavily used in NASA, where it finds applications in flight software and command design.
    • C++ is the successor of the C language. The name C++ has been taken from C only, and the increment operator (‘++’) signifies that this language is the next version of C.
    • C++ is widely used in areas like game development, server-side networking, TCP/IP connections, low-level design, and many more.
    • C++ programs begin by executing the main() function, and other functions are redirected using the main() function only.
    • C++ has inherited almost all features of C, and it has incorporated OOPS concepts from Simula68 programming language.
    • C++ does not support pure object-oriented programming. Programs can be executed without the use of classes and objects, just like in procedural languages.
    • There are many languages that are conceptualized using C++, and some of those are C#, Java, JavaScript, and many more.

  • What is serialization in Django?

    Serializers in the Django REST Framework are responsible for transforming objects into data types that javascript and front-end frameworks can understand. After validating the incoming data, serializers also enable deserialization, which allows parsed data to be transformed back into complex types.