Scatterplots show many points plotted in the Cartesian plane. Each point represents the values of two variables. One variable is chosen in the horizontal axis and another in the vertical axis. The simple scatterplot is created using the plot() function. Syntax The basic syntax for creating scatterplot in R is − Following is the description of the parameters used − Example We use the data set “mtcars” available in the R environment to create a basic scatterplot. Let’s use the columns “wt” and “mpg” in mtcars. When we execute the above code, it produces the following result − Creating the Scatterplot The below script will create a scatterplot graph for the relation between wt(weight) and mpg(miles per gallon). When we execute the above code, it produces the following result − Scatterplot Matrices When we have more than two variables and we want to find the correlation between one variable versus the remaining ones we use scatterplot matrix. We use pairs() function to create matrices of scatterplots. Syntax The basic syntax for creating scatterplot matrices in R is − Following is the description of the parameters used − Example Each variable is paired up with each of the remaining variable. A scatterplot is plotted for each pair. When the above code is executed we get the following output.

A line chart is a graph that connects a series of points by drawing line segments between them. These points are ordered in one of their coordinate (usually the x-coordinate) value. Line charts are usually used in identifying the trends in data. The plot() function in R is used to create the line graph. Syntax The basic syntax to create a line chart in R is − Following is the description of the parameters used − Example A simple line chart is created using the input vector and the type parameter as “O”. The below script will create and save a line chart in the current R working directory. When we execute the above code, it produces the following result − Line Chart Title, Color and Labels The features of the line chart can be expanded by using additional parameters. We add color to the points and lines, give a title to the chart and add labels to the axes. Example When we execute the above code, it produces the following result − Multiple Lines in a Line Chart More than one line can be drawn on the same chart by using the lines()function. After the first line is plotted, the lines() function can use an additional vector as input to draw the second line in the chart, When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −

A histogram represents the frequencies of values of a variable bucketed into ranges. Histogram is similar to bar chat but the difference is it groups the values into continuous ranges. Each bar in histogram represents the height of the number of values present in that range. R creates histogram using hist() function. This function takes a vector as an input and uses some more parameters to plot histograms. Syntax The basic syntax for creating a histogram using R is − Following is the description of the parameters used − Example A simple histogram is created using input vector, label, col and border parameters. The script given below will create and save the histogram in the current R working directory. When we execute the above code, it produces the following result − Range of X and Y values To specify the range of values allowed in X axis and Y axis, we can use the xlim and ylim parameters. The width of each of the bar can be decided by using breaks. When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −

Boxplots are a measure of how well distributed is the data in a data set. It divides the data set into three quartiles. This graph represents the minimum, maximum, median, first quartile and third quartile in the data set. It is also useful in comparing the distribution of data across data sets by drawing boxplots for each of them. Boxplots are created in R by using the boxplot() function. Syntax The basic syntax to create a boxplot in R is − Following is the description of the parameters used − Example We use the data set “mtcars” available in the R environment to create a basic boxplot. Let’s look at the columns “mpg” and “cyl” in mtcars. When we execute above code, it produces following result − Creating the Boxplot The below script will create a boxplot graph for the relation between mpg (miles per gallon) and cyl (number of cylinders). When we execute the above code, it produces the following result − Boxplot with Notch We can draw boxplot with notch to find out how the medians of different data groups match with each other. The below script will create a boxplot graph with notch for each of the data group. When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −

A bar chart represents data in rectangular bars with length of the bar proportional to the value of the variable. R uses the function barplot() to create bar charts. R can draw both vertical and Horizontal bars in the bar chart. In bar chart each of the bars can be given different colors. Syntax The basic syntax to create a bar-chart in R is − Following is the description of the parameters used − Example A simple bar chart is created using just the input vector and the name of each bar. The below script will create and save the bar chart in the current R working directory. When we execute above code, it produces following result − Bar Chart Labels, Title and Colors The features of the bar chart can be expanded by adding more parameters. The main parameter is used to add title. The col parameter is used to add colors to the bars. The args.name is a vector having same number of values as the input vector to describe the meaning of each bar. Example The below script will create and save the bar chart in the current R working directory. When we execute above code, it produces following result − Group Bar Chart and Stacked Bar Chart We can create bar chart with groups of bars and stacks in each bar by using a matrix as input values. More than two variables are represented as a matrix which is used to create the group bar chart and stacked bar chart.

R Programming language has numerous libraries to create charts and graphs. A pie-chart is a representation of values as slices of a circle with different colors. The slices are labeled and the numbers corresponding to each slice is also represented in the chart. In R the pie chart is created using the pie() function which takes positive numbers as a vector input. The additional parameters are used to control labels, color, title etc. Syntax The basic syntax for creating a pie-chart using the R is − Following is the description of the parameters used − Example A very simple pie-chart is created using just the input vector and labels. The below script will create and save the pie chart in the current R working directory. When we execute the above code, it produces the following result − Pie Chart Title and Colors We can expand the features of the chart by adding more parameters to the function. We will use parameter main to add a title to the chart and another parameter is col which will make use of rainbow colour pallet while drawing the chart. The length of the pallet should be same as the number of values we have for the chart. Hence we use length(x). Example The below script will create and save the pie chart in the current R working directory. When we execute the above code, it produces the following result − Slice Percentages and Chart Legend We can add slice percentage and a chart legend by creating additional chart variables. When we execute the above code, it produces the following result − Explore our latest online courses and learn new skills at your own pace. Enroll and become a certified expert to boost your career. 3D Pie Chart A pie chart with 3 dimensions can be drawn using additional packages. The package plotrix has a function called pie3D() that is used for this. When we execute the above code, it produces the following result −