We can chain several operations in R by using the pipe operator (%>%) provided by the tidyverse collection. Using this operator allows creating a pipeline of functions where the output of the first function is passed as the input into the second function and so on, until the pipeline ends. This eliminates the need for creating additional variables and significantly enhances the overall code readability. An example of using the pipe operator on a data frame: Output:

We can transpose a data frame or a matrix in R so that the columns become the rows and vice versa. For this purpose, we need to use the t() function of the base R. For example: Output:

We can concatenate two or more strings in R by using the paste() or cat() functions. The first approach is more popular. Both functions take in any number of strings to be concatenated and can also take in an optional parameter sep (along with some other optional parameters)—a character or a sequence of characters that will separate attached strings in the resulting string (a white space by default).

1. Using the cbind() function—only if the data frames have the same number of rows, and the records are the same and in the same order: 2. Using the rbind() function to combine the data frames vertically—only if they have an equal number of identically named columns of the same data type and appearing in the same order: 3. Using the merge() function to merge data frames by a column in common, usually an ID column: 4. Using the join() function of the dplyr package to merge data frames by a column in common, usually an ID column: The type parameter takes in one of the following values: inner, left, right, or full.